The solar system formed approximately 4.5 billion years ago when a massive molecular cloud collapsed, leading to the creation of the Sun and other celestial bodies.

The solar system, resembling a miniature universe, consists of celestial bodies such as the Sun, planets, moons, asteroids, and comets. At its center is the Sun, with the planets being the primary celestial bodies that orbit around it, each possessing its own unique characteristics and charm.

There is a classification of planets in the solar system. Those that are small in size but have high average density, slow rotation, and few moons are termed "terrestrial planets," examples being Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Planets characterized by large volume, low average density, fast rotation speed, and numerous moons are referred to as "Jupiter-like" planets, such as Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

Mercury

Mercury, the closest planet to the Sun in our solar system, has only 5.53% of Earth's mass. It is a rocky planet devoid of a substantial atmosphere, resulting in extreme surface temperatures. Mercury experiences the largest temperature variation of any planet, reaching up to 427°C (800°F) during the day and plunging to -173°C (-280°F) at night. Its surface is heavily cratered, resembling the Moon in appearance.

Venus

Venus, the closest planet to Earth in the solar system, possesses 81.5% of Earth's mass. It is unique among planets for its retrograde rotation (opposite to most planets) and revolution. The planet's surface temperature soars to approximately 470 degrees Celsius (880 degrees Fahrenheit) due to its dense atmosphere, which induces a severe greenhouse effect. Venus boasts more than 100,000 volcanoes, and its atmosphere is overwhelmingly composed of carbon dioxide, with sulfuric acid clouds concentrated up to 30 kilometers above its surface. These extreme conditions have earned Venus the moniker "Hell Planet" among astronomers.

Earth

Earth is humanity's home and the only known planet to harbor life. Its surface is predominantly covered by water, making it uniquely hospitable. Additionally, Earth's atmosphere contains the optimal balance of oxygen essential for life. Another distinctive characteristic of Earth is its tilted axis of rotation, which causes the seasonal changes we experience throughout the year.

Mars

Mars, with only 11% of Earth's mass, has a weaker gravitational pull compared to Earth. Its thin atmosphere contributes to an average surface temperature of -63°C (-81°F). Despite these harsh conditions, there is evidence suggesting that Mars once had rivers and oceans. Meteorites originating from Mars also provide indications that life may have existed there in the past.

Jupiter

Jupiter, being 1,316 times larger than Earth, is only 318 times more massive. As the quintessential Jupiter-like planet, Jupiter's composition is primarily 80% hydrogen. Despite its massive size, Jupiter's surface temperature is a chilly -148°C (-234°F), creating an environment where hydrogen exists in a liquid state, resembling an ocean of liquid hydrogen.

Saturn

Saturn is renowned for its stunning ring system, composed of ice and rock particles that create a spectacular appearance. Alongside its rings, Saturn hosts numerous moons, with Titan being the most notable. Titan is of particular interest due to its potential icy ocean, suggesting the presence of liquid water beneath its icy surface.

Uranus

Uranus is classified as an ice giant, boasting a mass 14.4 times that of Earth and an equatorial radius approximately four times larger. Its distinctive feature is the nearly perpendicular orientation of its axis of rotation, resulting in extreme seasonal variations. Uranus's atmosphere primarily consists of hydrogen and helium, with traces of methane and water among its gases.

Neptune

Neptune holds the title of being the farthest planet from the Sun in our Solar System. Its atmosphere is predominantly composed of hydrogen and helium, with traces of methane. The presence of methane in Neptune's atmosphere contributes to its distinctive blue coloration.

One of Neptune's most notable characteristics is its incredibly fast storm, which holds the record for the fastest in the solar system, with winds reaching speeds of up to 2,100 km/h (1,300 mph).

In addition to planets and moons, the solar system hosts numerous asteroids and comets. Asteroids are rocky and metallic celestial bodies typically found in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Comets, on the other hand, are composed of ice and dust and orbit the Sun. When comets approach the Sun, the ice melts, forming a tail that creates a beautiful and spectacular comet tail effect.